Excitation System Output Quantities-Based Loss of Excitation Detection in Synchronous Generators
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the earliest generation of loss of excitation (LOE) protection relays, the exciter’s output voltage (<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><i>V</i><sub>e</sub></i>) or output current (<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I<sub>e</sub></i>) were employed for the LOE protection of synchronous generators (SGs) by employing under-voltage or under-current schemes. This paper explores using the excitation system’s output quantities (<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V<sub>e</sub></i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I<sub>e</sub></i>) to detect the LOE phenomenon in SGs. The phase domain (PD) model of SGs available in the real-time digital simulator (RTDS) is used in this paper rather than the well-known dq representation, because only the PD model can provide realistic modeling of the LOE phenomenon based on the IEEE Standard C37-102, and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V<sub>e</sub></i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I<sub>e</sub></i> measurements. A new combined scheme using <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V<sub>e</sub></i> and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I<sub>e</sub></i> is proposed for the LOE protection as an LOE failure causes an interruption on <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V<sub>e</sub></i> or <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I<sub>e</sub></i>. Through simple paralleled under-voltage and under-current logics, such interruptions can be easily detected. The proposed method is compared with conventional impedance-based schemes through case studies, including the complete LOE (CLOE) and partial LOE (PLOE) failures, and the stable power swing (PS) phenomenon, showing superior performance by reliably detecting CLOE events and maintaining secure operations during PS events, although it may perform unreliably during PLOE events.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it