Reduced function in Chamaenerion angustifolium after sublethal glyphosate exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chamaenerion angustifolium (fireweed) is an ecologically important plant in the northern hemisphere. It provides food across forest openings for many wildlife species including bumblebees, which are important pollinators to North America. Fireweed also acts as a significant food source for honeybees and is used by many North American Indigenous people as food and medicine. In forested areas managed for timber, fireweed is often incidentally exposed to glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) in post-harvest vegetation management. We studied the response of fireweed to sub-lethal GBH exposure in a controlled experiment and in standard operational field conditions to determine impacts on specific aspects of growth and reproduction of the species. We also aimed to determine if GBH related stress symptoms would significantly impact the fluorescence of fireweed flowers, and/or the nutritional quality of pollen. Results showed that fireweed is negatively impacted by sublethal exposures of GBH including reduced photosynthetic efficiency, reduced height, and reproductive shoot dieback. In the operational environments studied, pollen viability was reduced one-year after applications and anther fluorescence was altered. The amino acid concentration of fireweed flowers was reduced in samples collected and glyphosate residues remained present at low concentrations in floral tissues at two years post-treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".