Evolution of Air-Sea Fluxes in Modeled Long-Lived Mesoscale Eddies in the South Atlantic Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mesoscale eddies modify physical and biogeochemical properties, facilitating the exchange of heat and CO2 between the surface, mixed-layer and ocean interior. Most state-of-the-art Earth System Models fail to resolve mesoscale processes (10 - 100km) due to computational constraints, thus contributing to uncertainties in current and future projections of ocean heat and CO2 fluxes. While recent advances have shown progress in understanding regional and seasonal mean characteristics of eddies, their impact on air-sea fluxes over the eddy life cycle remains poorly understood. We use a high-resolution (1/12°) ocean physical-biogeochemical (NEMO-PISCES) model to investigate the temporal evolution air-sea heat and CO2 fluxes in long-lived (> 90 days) eddies in the South Atlantic Ocean. These eddies have varying lifespans, different propagation pathways, regional and seasonal dynamics. Examining these features reveals important nuances in their impact on air-sea heat and CO2 fluxes. We find a high occurrence (~30%) of “abnormal eddies”, defined as cold surface anticyclonic and warm surface cyclonic eddies, emerging more frequently in longer-lived eddies, which can weaken or reverse the direction of air-sea fluxes. Long-lived anticyclonic eddies sustain heat fluxes to the atmosphere and reduced CO2 uptake throughout the eddy life cycle. In contrast, cyclonic eddies in the South-East Atlantic exhibit declining heat uptake with time, highlighting an asymmetry between eddies of different polarities. This asymmetry extends to other regions of the South Atlantic when considering CO2 fluxes. Understanding these dynamics is necessary to improve air-sea flux projections, inform mesoscale parameterizations that influence the carbon-climate sensitivity of the Southern Ocean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".