The March First Movement: A Turning Point for North American Protestant Missionaries in Korea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although frequently viewed as mere proselytizers, North American Protestant Missionaries in Korea played a crucial role during the Korean March First Independence Movement, an event that was a turning point in how they served Korean society and politics. Already doctors, teachers, and translators, these American and Canadian missionaries assumed new roles influenced by the outbreak of the independence movement on March 1, 1919. Research on the duties and achievements of North American Protestant missionaries before and after the movement is widespread but often fails to investigate and include the causes, development, and consequences of the revolutionary event on the missionaries. By gathering information from reports and letters from the time, interviews conducted with descendants of the missionaries, and previous studies by religious experts, this paper seeks to analyze the long and short–term impacts of the March First Movement on the activities of North American Protestant Missionaries in Korea. Unbeknownst to many, the missionaries who arrived in Korea during the late 19th century underwent significant changes in their mission after the independence movement, and the effects of these changes have influenced the entire Korean population unto the present day. Protestant evangelism in Korea and the nation’s rise to global significance assumed notable growth thanks to the efforts of North American Protestant missionaries during and after the March First Movement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".