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Record W4413571967 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328180

Common intrusion factors and improvement measures based on case study of privacy impact assessment

2025· article· en· W4413571967 on OpenAlexaboutno aff
Jae-sik Yi, Dong-Seok Jang, Youn-Sik Hong

Bibliographic record

VenuePLoS ONE · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicInformation and Cyber Security
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsIntrusionThe InternetInternet privacyIntrusion detection systemComputer scienceComputer securityBusinessWorld Wide Web

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

As the Internet becomes increasingly widespread, various cybercrimes involving privacy, such as misuse, abuse, and leakage of privacy in integrated information systems that contain privacy data, are increasing worldwide. To address such intrusions, privacy impact assessments (PIAs) of information systems have been performed. Various studies, including PIAs, have been conducted to establish PIA frameworks (PIAF), surveys, and analyses to investigate intrusion cases. Impact assessments based on assessment items and low-level PIAs that analyze intrusion factors differ among countries. The PIAF in the Netherlands comprises three stages, that in Canada comprises four stages, and that in Korea comprises three stages, each of which defines subprocesses. In this study, the PIAFs of these countries were investigated and compared. We also compared the assessment items of ISO/IEC 27701 and Korea's PIAF. We analyzed PIAs conducted on information systems operated by public institutions in Korea. Through the analysis of these PIAs, we derived the factors causing intrusions in Korea and proposed improvement points for each intrusion factor. We expect that these analysis results can be effectively applied to other countries.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.020
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.052
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.020
Threshold uncertainty score0.104

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0200.052
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0120.009
Science and technology studies0.0020.002
Scholarly communication0.0020.004
Open science0.0010.002
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.042
GPT teacher head0.299
Teacher spread0.258 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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Same venuePLoS ONESame topicInformation and Cyber SecurityFrench-language works237,207