Synopeas ruficoxum Buhl (Hymenoptera, Platygastridae) is a natural enemy of soybean gall midge, Resseliella maxima Gagné (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Platygastridae (Hymenoptera) is known as a ‘dark taxon’ as it is highly diverse and understudied. Within Platygastridae, one of the largest genera is Synopeas Förster, species of which parasitize Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). This study identifies a new host association between these two families, with Synopeas ruficoxum Buhl as the second reported parasitoid of soybean gall midge, Resseliella maxima Gagné. Parasitoids were reared from soybean stems infested with R. maxima collected in Nebraska, USA. Furthermore, PCR assays confirmed that R. maxima larvae are parasitized by S. ruficoxum in the field. All S. ruficoxum specimens were female, suggesting that this may be an asexually reproducing population. We found that some, but not all, S. ruficoxum were infected with a bacterium, Wolbachia, known to mediate asexual reproduction in other insects, suggesting other factors may be responsible for the all-female population. Publicly available barcoding data allowed us to determine that S. ruficoxum is also present in Eastern Canada, which is beyond the known geographic range of R. maxima. This suggests that S. ruficoxum has other hosts or that the geographic range of R. maxima is broader than currently documented. A redescription and diagnostic data for S. ruficoxum are provided, advancing the ability to use this parasitoid for biological control of R. maxima.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".