Revolutionizing light capture: a comprehensive review of back-contact perovskite solar cell architectures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Back-contact architectures are emerging as a transformative solution to overcome optical and structural limitations inherent to conventional sandwich-type perovskite solar cells (PSCs). While single-junction PSCs have reached certified power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 27.0 %, their reliance on transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) and front-contact layers introduces significant photon losses and design constraints. Interdigitated back-contact (IBC) and quasi-interdigitated back-contact (QIBC) geometries eliminate the need for front-side electrodes, enabling full-area top illumination, enhanced optical efficiency, improved mechanical flexibility, and simplified recycling. In this Review, we systematically examine the development of back-contact PSCs, focusing on the interplay between device architecture, charge carrier dynamics, and fabrication strategies. We compare state-of-the-art patterning methods, including nanoimprint lithography, microsphere templating, and electrodeposition, and summarize material systems employed for electron/hole transport and insulation. Recent experimental devices have achieved over 12 % PCE, and simulations predict efficiencies exceeding 29 %, highlighting the untapped potential of back-contact designs. We also discuss the critical challenges, such as short diffusion lengths, interfacial recombination, and fabrication scalability, and propose design guidelines to accelerate the path toward high-efficiency, manufacturable back-contact PSC technologies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".