Risks of prematurity and low birth weight associated with trimester-specific prenatal benzodiazepine exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Intrauterine exposure of the developing fetus or neonate to bendodiazepine may lead to fetal abnormalities or adverse reactions. We sought to investigate whether benzodiazepine use before or during different trimesters of pregnancy had different associations with incident preterm births (PTB) or small for gestational age (SGA) infants. METHODS: We conducted a 13-year longitudinal cohort study incorporating population-wide, sibling, and paternal comparisons. We used nation-wide population-based data on diagnoses and drug prescriptions from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, with linkages to the Taiwan Birth Certificate Registration and the Taiwan Maternal and Child Health Database between 2004 and 2016. We obtained data on live births to mothers exposed or unexposed to benzodiazepine. Children born by the same mother without benzodiazepine exposures before or during pregnancy were ascertained to create the sibling comparison cohort. We also gathered information on newborns with benzodiazepine-exposed or unexposed fathers. We determined the risks of subsequent PTB and SGA during the 13-year follow-up period. RESULTS: We included data on 2 572 125 births to mothers exposed to benzodiazepine and 2 265 685 births to mothers unexposed to benzodiazepine. After adjustments and from our sibling comparison group, the increased risks of preterm births (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53-1.91) and SGA (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.14-1.89) were significant only among children born from mothers exposed to benzodiazepine in the third trimester. LIMITATIONS: Our results are subject to unmeasured confounding factors, such as smoking and the severity of parental mental illness, which were not available in the administrative claims data. CONCLUSION: Benzodiazepine exposure during the third trimester, but not the first or second trimesters, increased the risks of PTB and SGA. This result may reflect the direct effects of benzodiazepine on fetal development or the intrauterine environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".