Carbon Quantum Dot-Embedded SiO2: PMMA Hybrid as a Blue-Emitting Plastic Scintillator for Cosmic Ray Detection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis and characterization of Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs) embedded in an organic–inorganic hybrid SiO2: PMMA matrix, designed as a novel plastic scintillator material. The CQDs were synthesized through a solvo-hydrothermal method and incorporated using a sol–gel polymerization process, resulting in a mechanically durable and optically active hybrid. Structural analysis with X-ray diffraction and TEM confirmed crystalline quantum dots approximately 10 nm in size. Extensive optical characterization, including band gap measurement, photoluminescence under 325 nm UV excitation, lifetime evaluations, and quantum yield measurement, revealed a blue emission centered at 426 nm with a decay time of 3–3.6 ns. The hybrid scintillator was integrated into a compact cosmic ray detector using a photomultiplier tube optimized for 420 nm detection. The system effectively detected secondary atmospheric muons produced by low-energy cosmic rays, validated through the vertical equivalent muon (VEM) technique. These findings highlight the potential of CQD-based hybrid materials for advanced optical sensing and scintillation applications in complex environments, supporting the development of compact and sensitive detection systems.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".