Fast calcium-dependent reorientation of motile cilia basal bodies in the simple metazoan, Trichoplax
Bibliographic record
Abstract
SUMMARY Ciliary-based animal locomotion relies on the spatially coordinated beating of motile cilia to displace the body in liquid environments or across solid surfaces. The orientation of ciliary beating largely depends on the rotational polarity of the basal body, which in most animals is fixed and controlled by cues linked to the main body axes. The small marine animal Trichoplax exploits the beating of motile cilia in its lower epithelium to crawl on substrates. However, Trichoplax lacks defined body axes and exhibits rapid changes in body shape and direction of movement, thus raising the question of what controls the orientation and reorientation of ciliary beating. We show here that the basal bodies of the cilia in the lower epithelium of Trichoplax are oriented along the direction of the animal movements, and that they change their orientation throughout the lower epithelium in a few seconds’ time when the animal modifies its shape or changes direction following external mechanical stimuli. We also show that Ca 2+ is required for fast basal body reorientation. Such rapid ciliary basal body reorientation has never been observed in metazoans before. Thus, our results identify a previously undescribed mechanism underlying directional motility in a metazoan and shed light on its subcellular determinants, bridging the scale between intra-cellular ciliary machinery and animal movement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".