New insights into the extinction and recovery of marine vertebrates across the Permian–Triassic mass extinction event in the Dolomites, Southern Alps, Italy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The impact of the Permian–Triassic mass extinction on marine vertebrates is poorly known due to their scarce fossil record. Here, we report Acrodus sp. [Chondrichthyes], Bobasatrania aff. ladina [Osteichthyes] and an indeterminate actinopterygian from the Changhsingian Bellerophon Formation, and a saurosphargid reptile from the lower Spathian Val Badia Member of the Werfen Formation in the Dolomites, Italy. The saurosphargid is represented by a single vertebra, whose relatively tall neural spine indicates that it might belong to a new species. This is one of the oldest Sauropterygomorpha records worldwide and the first unambiguous occurrence of Saurosphargidae in the western Paleo-Tethys during the Early Triassic. These new findings suggest fishes were more diverse in this paleo-tropical shallow shelf community of the western Paleo-Tethys in the latest Permian than during the Early Triassic. The evolution of the new apex predator niche (Saurosphargidae) relatively shortly after the mass extinction event coincides with the reappearance of predatory cephalopods and precedes the full ecological and taxonomic recovery of benthic groups in the Dolomites community. This contrasts with previous hypotheses about the delayed recovery of higher trophic groups. Furthermore, we dated a surface sample with actinopterygian scales found at a Permian–Triassic boundary outcrop. The U–Pb indicates 248+/-1 Ma as a maximum depositional age, and radiolarian biostratigraphy indicates an Anisian age. This suggests age assignments to surface samples require caution. U–Pb dating further reveals an age discrepancy in the scales and the host rock, likely due to 206 Pb enrichment in scales during diagenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".