Investigating gas dispersion and solid suspension in a coaxial stirred tank containing non-Newtonian fluids using coupled tomography and pressure measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three-phase agitated tanks are widely utilized across industries such as chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment, and biotechnology, where precise control over gas, liquid, and solid phases is crucial for process efficiency. Despite their industrial significance, accurate quantification of local gas and solid holdups in such systems remains problematic, primarily due to the limitations of available visualization and measurement techniques. Although electrical resistance tomography (ERT) coupled with pressure measurements has shown efficacy in multiphase systems without rotating parts, its application in mechanically agitated tanks has not been reported. This study presents the first experimental integration of ERT with calibrated pressure measurements in a coaxial mixer containing non-Newtonian fluid, enabling localized quantification of gas and solid holdups under varying non-Newtonian fluid concentrations and evaluating both upward and downward pumping modes of the central impeller. Key findings show that upward pumping enhances solid suspension by promoting particle transport, while downward pumping improves gas dispersion by extending bubble residence time; moreover, liquid rheology strongly shapes holdups, highlighting the interplay between fluid properties and mixing dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".