Canada–UK relations in a post-transatlantic world: pursuing strategic pragmatism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For over 60 years, Canada’s foreign policy has been overwhelmingly oriented towards the United States, while the United Kingdom has looked to Europe. Recent geopolitical upheavals – the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and a second Trump administration alienating its closest allies – have disrupted these longstanding alignments, creating a unique strategic window for Ottawa and London to deepen their bilateral relationship. This crisis of the liberal international order has forced both countries to revitalise their ‘special relationship’ in ways not witnessed since the early post-Second World War era. By highlighting key markers in the historical arc of Canada–UK relations – from post-war solidarity and diplomatic divergences through decades of enduring institutional interdependence – this study demonstrates how shared values, complementary economic strengths and mutual security interests can be harnessed to forge a renewed bilateral partnership based on strategic pragmatism. It outlines the conditions for this bilateral re-set through deeper Canada–UK economic ties, joint defence-security initiatives and coordinated diplomatic engagement at the multilateral level tailored to an era of global disorder.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.019 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".