Microfluidic electrochemical sensor with lead ion-imprinted polymer membrane for selective trace lead detection in water
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lead contamination in water remains a critical global concern due to its toxicity and persistence. We present a microfluidic sensor that integrates a stand-alone lead ion-imprinted polymer (Pb-IIP) membrane for selective lead detection. Synthesized in situ with Pb(II) as the template, methacrylic acid as the monomer, and 8-hydroxyquinoline as the ligand, the membrane acts as a selective affinity element embedded between non-functionalized electrodes. Leveraging imprinted cavity sites and the Pb-IIP's chemical affinity, the integrated sensor demonstrated heightened lead ion sensitivity, achieving a detection limit of 7.3 ppb and consistent quantification up to 100 ppm. Detection responses were 6.1-fold higher than the membrane-less sensor, 1.5-fold higher than the MAA-based non-imprinted polymer (NIP) sensor, and 13-fold higher than the acrylamide (AAM)-based NIP sensor. The Pb-IIP membrane also differentiated Pb(II) from Cd(II) and Zn(II), with Pb(II) responses being 12.5 % to 69.4 % higher than other ions. Validation with unfiltered municipal tap water yielded recoveries between 96.6 % and 109.0 %, with relative standard deviations below 7 %. These results demonstrate regulatory-relevant detection performance using a low-cost, easily fabricated platform suitable for future adaptation to portable, field-deployable systems.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it