Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the analysis of the Alkmaar fragments of the N-Psalter (xi), Porck draws attention to the second interpretamentum of the double gloss styrunge ł gewændunga rendering the Latin lemma commotionem (< commotio ‘a moving, motion’) in psalm 43:15.1 Porck points out that the use of gewændunga is uncharacteristic of the N-Psalter for two reasons: first, this interpretamentum is not found in any of the D-type glosses, with which the fragments of the N-Psalter generally agree; and second, the noun *gewændung is the only lexeme in the N-Psalter glosses not recorded in the DOEC.2 The present note addresses these issues from the perspectives of phraseology and translation technique. It suggests that the nonce formation *gewændung is a loan translation added to the D-type gloss styrung ‘motion’ to provide a more idiomatic rendition and elucidate the meaning and structure of the Latin lemma. In psalm 43:15, styrunge ł gewændunga collocates with the noun heafdes (< heafod ‘head’) forming an expression ‘shaking of the head’, which signifies a gesture of disapproval, condemnation, sorrow, reproach, or scorn. The DOE states that this expression is found in two other psalms—21:8 and 108:25 (both of which are missing from the fragments of the N-Psalter)—as well as ÆLS (Agatha), ÆLet 4, HomS 18, Matthew 27:39, and Mark 15:29. The verbs with which the noun ‘head’ collocates in this sense are: cweccan, cyrran, hreran, hrisian, styrian, wecgan, and onwendan.3 The verb cweccan ‘to shake’ is used by Ælfric and the translators of the Old English Gospels. The Lambeth Psalter shows cweccan in 21:8 and its derivative cweccung ‘shaking’ in 43:15. cweccan occurs in a double gloss with hrisian ‘to shake’ in 108:25 in both the Lambeth and Vitellius Psalters. The verb cyrran ‘to turn’ occurs only in the Lindisfarne Gospels and Rushworth Two; in the former, it is combined with hreran ‘to move, stir, shake’ in a double gloss in Matthew 27:39. The verb wecgan ‘to wag’ is used both in the prose and metrical psalms of the Paris Psalter; in the metrical psalms, it co-occurs with hreran, the latter probably motivated by alliteration (sona hig wegdan, hrerdan heora heafod; 108:25).4 The verb hreran is always paired with other verbs in this context. Besides the instances cited above, it is also found in Rushworth One in Matthew 27:39 in a double gloss hroerend ł styredun (< styrian ‘to move’). The verb hrisian is used in HomS 18 and most psalter glosses in psalms 21:8 and 108:25. The very few exceptions are: the Lambeth Psalter mentioned above; the Eadwine Psalter, which combines hrisian with wecgan in a double gloss in 21:8 and uses wendan in 108:25; and the Arundel Psalter, which exhibits onwendan ‘to turn’ in 21:8. In 43:15, the D-type psalter glosses (DFGHJK) display the noun styrung/styring/stirung ‘motion’ whereas the A-type psalter glosses (ABC) show the noun *onwendnis/onwendnes/ondwendnys ‘turning, movement’ (for the Lambeth Psalter, see above), which, according to the DOEC, is a nonce formation. The Eadwine Psalter employs a double gloss æwendnesse ł styringe (the second interpretamentum added by corrector), which combines A- and D-type choices.5
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.062 | 0.023 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".