Towards Safeguarding the <i>Dap-ay</i> , <i>Patpatayan</i> and <i>Babawi-an</i> as an Indigenous Ceremonial Landscape of the Northern Kankanaey in Central Sagada, Mountain Province, Philippines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sagada is a municipality in the Philippine Cordillera Central mountain range in the northwest of Luzon Island. Throughout much of its history, Sagada’s Northern Kankanaey indigenous community practised subsistence farming. Today, living traditions in Sagada remain closely interwoven with indigenous knowledge and engagement with the land, traditional practices and rituals, conservation of indigenous places and cooperative community approaches. The rituals associated with the begnas —a collection of agro-cultural ceremonies and a community feast—are still practised but face the risk of discontinuation or being performed with compromised integrity. The article presents three types of indigenous sacred places integral to the begnas . These places comprise a landscape of ceremonies, rituals and customs of Sagada Kankanaey life and identity. The dap-ay is a stone-paved council meeting area within villages, the patpatayan is a sacred tree or grove on a hilltop and the babawi-an is used for omen observation during rituals. The study illuminates their role in the begnas and the broader cultural landscape, as well as varying approaches to conserving these sites. Safeguarding these tangible places is essential to safeguarding the intangible cultural practices and indigenous knowledge, ultimately ensuring the well-being of the Kankanaey community.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".