Towards Safeguarding the <i>Dap-ay</i> , <i>Patpatayan</i> and <i>Babawi-an</i> as an Indigenous Ceremonial Landscape of the Northern Kankanaey in Central Sagada, Mountain Province, Philippines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sagada is a municipality in the Philippine Cordillera Central mountain range in the northwest of Luzon Island. Throughout much of its history, Sagada’s Northern Kankanaey indigenous community practised subsistence farming. Today, living traditions in Sagada remain closely interwoven with indigenous knowledge and engagement with the land, traditional practices and rituals, conservation of indigenous places and cooperative community approaches. The rituals associated with the begnas —a collection of agro-cultural ceremonies and a community feast—are still practised but face the risk of discontinuation or being performed with compromised integrity. The article presents three types of indigenous sacred places integral to the begnas . These places comprise a landscape of ceremonies, rituals and customs of Sagada Kankanaey life and identity. The dap-ay is a stone-paved council meeting area within villages, the patpatayan is a sacred tree or grove on a hilltop and the babawi-an is used for omen observation during rituals. The study illuminates their role in the begnas and the broader cultural landscape, as well as varying approaches to conserving these sites. Safeguarding these tangible places is essential to safeguarding the intangible cultural practices and indigenous knowledge, ultimately ensuring the well-being of the Kankanaey community.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".