Pain and its relationship with fatigue in Sjögren disease: an Italian single-centre experience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives: Pain is frequently reported by patients with primary Sjögren disease (SD). The 0-10 visual analogue scale (VAS) is broadly used to quantify the extent of pain, but it does not capture its nuances and the impact on the individual's quality of life. The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of pain and how it is affected by different daily activities in patients with SD. Methods: Consecutive patients with SD fulfilling the ACR-EULAR 2016 classification criteria, without fibromyalgia, depression, and/or anxiety disorders, and with a VAS pain >0 were recruited. Patients filled out the McGill Pain Questionnaire, rated their current pain on a 1-5 Likert scale according to previous pain experiences and reported which activities affected their pain. Results: Of 167 screened patients with SD, 131 were enrolled in the study. The mean pain score was 35.5, and it was directly correlated with VAS scales for dryness but not with age, disease duration, and disease activity. The McGill domains used by >80% of patients were those about pressure, sensory, dullness, tension, brightness, and the affective component of pain. Sleep, rest, and mild exercise reduced pain in half of the patients, whereas damp weather changes, fatigue, and tension worsened the pain in up to 81% of patients. Thirty percent of patients reported that pain worsened by intercourse. Conclusions: Although VAS pain is reliable and broadly used in clinical practice and research, multidimensional tools such as the McGill Pain Questionnaire should be used to better understand the individual's experience of pain and establish tailored pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".