Manufacturer encroachment in refurbished product supply chains under enhanced service levels: A game-theoretic analysis of partial and full encroachment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine a two-tier supply chain of manufacturers and retailers distributing new and refurbished products through conventional channels. Manufacturers encroach on the refurbished product market by establishing new direct sales channels and enhancing service levels to maximize profits. Employing a game theory model, we investigate the optimal equilibrium scenarios, including the basic, partial, and full encroachment scenarios. We analyze the impact of manufacturer encroachment on sales quantity and profits for both manufacturers and retailers. Our findings reveal that partial encroachment has a lower threshold than full encroachment, and manufacturer encroachment consistently expands the market for refurbished products. Under certain conditions, manufacturer encroachment boosts their profits and benefits retailers, thereby alleviating channel conflicts. Surprisingly, retailers help manufacturers swiftly achieve the optimal range for direct selling costs. Once this range is attained, retailers and manufacturers actively compete in the refurbished product market, maintaining their optimal profit levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".