CoSEE-Cat: A Comprehensive Solar Energetic Electron event Catalogue obtained from combined in situ and remote-sensing observations from Solar Orbiter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Context. The acceleration of particles at the Sun and their propagation through interplanetary space are key topics in heliophysics. Specifically, solar energetic electrons (SEEs) measured in situ can be linked to solar events such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) since they are also observed remotely in a broad range of electromagnetic emissions such as in radio and X-rays. Solar Orbiter, equipped with a wide range of remote-sensing and in situ detectors, provides an excellent opportunity to investigate SEEs and their solar origin from the inner heliosphere. Aims. We aim to record all SEE events measured in situ by Solar Orbiter, and to identify and characterise their potential solar counterparts. The results have been compiled in the Comprehensive Solar Energetic Electron event Catalogue (CoSEE-Cat), which will be updated regularly as the mission progresses. The catalogue contains key parameters of the SEEs, as well as the associated flares, CMEs, and radio bursts. In this paper, we describe the catalogue and provide a first statistical analysis. Methods. The Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) was used to identify and characterise SEE events, infer the electron release time at the Sun, and determine the composition of related energetic ions. Basic parameters of associated X-ray flares (timing, intensity, source location) were provided by the Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX). This was complemented by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI), which added information on eruptive phenomena. CME observations were contributed by the coronagraph Metis and the Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager (SoloHI). Type III radio bursts observed by the Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument provided a link between the SEEs detected at Solar Orbiter and their potential solar sources. The conditions in interplanetary space were characterised using Solar Wind Analyzer (SWA) and Solar Orbiter Magnetometer (MAG) measurements. Finally, data-driven modelling with the Magnetic Connectivity Tool provided an independent estimate of the solar source position of the SEEs. Results. The first data release of the catalogue contains 303 SEE events observed in the period from November 2020 until the end of December 2022. Based on the timing and magnetic connectivity of their solar counterparts, we find a very clear distinction between events with an impulsive ion composition and ones with a gradual one. These results support the flare-related origin of impulsive events and the association of gradual events with extended structures such as CME-driven shocks or erupting flux ropes. We also show that the commonly observed delays of the solar release times of the SEEs relative to the associated X-ray flares and type III radio burst are at least partially due to propagation effects and not exclusively due to an actual delayed injection. This effect is cumulative with heliocentric distance and is probably related to turbulence and cross-field transport.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".