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Michał Świrski, Jack A. S. Tierney, M. Mar Albà, Dmitry E. Andreev, Julie L. Aspden, John F. Atkins, Michal Bassani‐Sternberg, Marla J. Berry, Stefano Biffo, Kathleen Boris‐Lawrie, Mark Borodovsky, Ian Brierley, Matthew Brook, Marie A. Brunet, Janusz M. Bujnicki, Neva Caliskan, Lorenzo Calviello, Anne‐Ruxandra Carvunis, J.H.D. Cate, Can Cenik, Kung‐Yao Chang, Yiwen Chen, Sonia Chothani, Jyoti S. Choudhary, Patricia L. Clark, Jim Clauwaert, Lynn Cooley, Erik Dassi, Kellie Dean, Jean‐Jacques Diaz, Christoph Dieterich, Rivka Dikstein, Jonathan D. Dinman, Sergey E. Dmitriev, Olga А. Dontsova, C.M. Dunham, Sandeep M. Eswarappa, Philip J. Farabaugh, Pouya Faridi, Ivo Fierro-Monti, Andrew E. Firth, David Gatfield, Fátima Gebauer, Mikhail S. Gelfand, Nicola K. Gray, Rachel Green, Chris H. Hill, Ya‐Ming Hou, Norbert Hübner, Zoya Ignatova, Pavel Ivanov, Shintaro Iwasaki, Rory Johnson, Ahmad Jomaa, Marko Jovanović, Irwin Jungreis, Manolis Kellis, Jeffrey S. Kieft, А. В. Кочетов, Eugene V. Koonin, А.A. Коростелев, Joanna Kufel, Ivan V. Kulakovskiy, Leo Kurian, Denis L. J. Lafontaine, Ola Larsson, Gary Loughran, Julius Lukeš, Marco Mariotti, Elena S. Martens‐Uzunova, Thomas F. Martínez, Akinobu Matsumoto, C. Joel McManus, Jan Medenbach, Sergey Melnikov, Gerben Menschaert, Catharina Merchante, Martin Mikl, W. Allen Miller, Oliver Mühlemann, Olivier Namy, Danny D. Nedialkova, Jozef Nosek, Sandra Orchard, Petar Ozretić, Mihaela Pertea, Dmitri D. Pervouchine, Luı́sa Romão, David Ron, Xavier Roucou, Maria P. Rubtsova, Jorge Ruiz‐Orera, Alan Saghatelian, Steven L. Salzberg, Lucia A. Seale, Cathal Seoighe, Петр В. Сергиев, Premal Shah, Nikolay E. Shirokikh, Sarah A. Slavoff, Nahum Sonenberg, Timothy J. Stasevich, Roman J. Szczęsny, Tiina Tamm, Marek Tchórzewski, Ivan Topisirović, Michel L. Tremblay, Tamir Tuller, Igor Ulitsky, Leoš Shivaya Valášek, Petra Van Damme, Gabriella Viero, Juan Antonio Vizcaíno, Christine Vogel, Edward W. Wallace, Jonathan S. Weissman, Éric Westhof, Nicola Whiffin, Daniel N. Wilson, Zhi Xie, Jonathan W. Yewdell, Martina M. Yordanova, Chien‐Hung Yu, Vyacheslav Yurchenko, Bojan Žagrović, Maria Inês Almeida, Neşe Atabey, Nikolaos A. A. Balatsos, Pavel V. Baranov, Anca Bojan, Theodora Choli‐Papadopoulou, Pierre Close, Victoria H. Cowling, Alexandre David, Aleksandar Eftimov, Mark Helm, Cristina Adela Iuga, Dana Jurkovičová, Arvydas Kanopka, Lucia Messingerová, Henrik Nielsen, Mehmet S. Ozturk, Vicent Pelechano, Marianna Penzo, Paulina Podszywalow‐Bartnicka, Lejla Pojskić, John Le Quesne, Barak Rotblat, Ariel Stanhill, Georg Stoecklin, Vladimir Trajković, Eivind Valen, Siniša Volarević, Ljubica Vučićević, Kathleen Watt, Anne Willis, Maša Ždralević, Taja Železnik Ramuta
Bibliographic record
VenueNature Methods · 2025
Typeletter
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicNatural Language Processing Techniques
Canadian institutionsMcGill UniversityMcGill University Health CentreCentre Hospitalier Universitaire de SherbrookeUniversité de Sherbrooke
FundersMikrobiologický Ústav, Akademie Věd České RepublikyInstitute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and EngineeringDirectorate for Biological SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesState Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyTartu ÜlikoolCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueUniversiteit GentUniversity of OxfordChinese Academy of SciencesYork UniversityAkademie Věd České RepublikyWeizmann Institute of ScienceNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesSun Yat-sen UniversityNHLBI Division of Intramural ResearchMcGill UniversityEuropean Cooperation in Science and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
KeywordsTerm (time)Computational biologyComputer scienceBiologyPhysicsAstronomy
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Research integrity
Consensus categoriesResearch integrity
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: Methods
Teacher disagreement score0.241
Threshold uncertainty score1.000
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.032
GPT teacher head0.393
Teacher spread0.360 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreMethods
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations14
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractno