Post-Keynesianism in Canada: From an Extraordinary Beginning to an Uncertain Future?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article traces how Keynes’s original thought came to Canada beginning in the early 1930s, mostly by way of three Canadian students: Plumptre, Bryce and Tarshis. As post-Keynesian economic ideas began to take root very early in the post-WWII period at the University of Cambridge, it quickly also spread to Canada during the 1950s and 1960s both directly via Cambridge, through the writings of Asimakopulos at McGill University, and indirectly, via Harvard, with the work of Lamontagne at Laval University. The economics department at McGill University played a central role in the development of post-Keynesianism in Canada throughout the following decades. It provided a solid basis for expansion not only in the Montreal area but also in the Ottawa region and in Toronto, as well as south-western Ontario. There were, however, also independent shoots as, for instance, at the University of Waterloo but which had not been as sustained. After taking stock of the various developments in the major academic institutions where both heterodox and, more narrowly, post-Keynesian ideas developed, we conclude that the future of post-Keynesianism is at risk, given the immense ideological resistance and a push towards conformity in economics departments across Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".