scSorterDL: a deep neural network-enhanced ensemble LDAs for single cell classifications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The emergence of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has transformed our understanding of cellular diversity, yet it presents notable challenges for cell type annotation due to data's high dimensionality and sparsity. To tackle these issues, we present scSorterDL, an innovative approach that combines penalized Linear Discriminant Analysis (pLDA), swarm learning, and deep neural networks (DNNs) to improve cell type classification. In scSorterDL, we generate numerous random subsets of the data and apply pLDA models to each subset to capture varied data aspects. The model outputs are then consolidated using a DNN that identifies complex relationships among the pLDA scores, enhancing classification accuracy by considering interactions that simpler methods might overlook. Utilizing GPU computing for both swarm learning and deep learning, scSorterDL adeptly manages large datasets and high-dimensional gene expression data. We tested scSorterDL on 13 real scRNA-seq datasets from diverse species, tissues, and platforms, as well as on 20 pairs of cross-platform datasets. Our method surpassed nine current cell annotation tools in both accuracy and robustness, indicating exceptional performance in both cross-validation and cross-platform contexts. These findings underscore the potential of scSorterDL as an effective and adaptable tool for automated cell type annotation in scRNA-seq research. The code is available on GitHub: https://github.com/kellen8hao/scSorterDL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".