<i>Verticillium dahliae</i> Causing Verticillium Wilt of Sea Buckthorn in Liaoning, China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., family Elaeagnaceae) is a deciduous small tree native to cold-temperate regions of Eurasia (Wang et al. 2022) ; it is recognized as a pioneer species,highly adaptable to extreme climatic and soil conditions. In late June 2021, a field survey revealed that the leaves of 3 years old “Klavdija” sea buckthorn (SBT)introduced from Russia became yellow and wilted in a commercial farm (1.2-ha) in Tieling City of Liaoning Province in northeast China. The symptoms included leaf chlorosis followed by necrosis, and black discoloration in the stem xylem vessels. Stems showing black vascular system were washed with running tap water, and the cut into small pieces (4×4 mm). The small pieces were surface- disinfected in 75% alcohol for 30s, followed by 1% NaClO for 1 min and rinsed in sterile distilled water for 3 times, then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) in Petri dihes. Dishes were incubated at 25 °C in the dark for 10 days. The colonies produced abundant conidia, which were elongated-oval, colorless, single-celled; their dimensions were 2.3-8.8um × 1.4-3.2 um (n=50). Microsclerotia were aggregated and black, 27.4 - 88.2 × 17.5 - 53.6 um (n=50). Conidiophores were long, erected, colorless, composed of 3 - 4 verticillate branches, and 3-4 branches per wheel. Genomic DNA was extracted for amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (Accession Nos.OR364442 and OR364449) (White et al.1990), the partial translation elongation factor-1α (EF-α) (Accession Nos. PQ469223 and PQ469225) and actin (ACT) (Accession Nos. PQ469216 and PQ469218), respectibely (Inderbitzin et al. 2011). The sequences showed 100%, 99.31% and 99.81% similarity to the sequences of the ITS (PQ679030), EF1-α (HQ206942) and ACT (HQ414645) regions of Verticillium dahlae. Pathogenicity tests were performed on 20 healthy, potted 1-year-old “Klavdija” SBT seedlings using two V. dahliae isolates from SBT (10 seedlings per isolate). Seeding were grown in greenhouse at 25 °C, 80% relative humidity, and 12-hour light/dark photoperiod. The plant roots were severed by inserting a scalpel deeply into the soil at several points. (Zhang et al. 2024). Pots were drenched with a water suspension of V. dahliae conidia (1 × 107 conidiua/mL), using 50 ml/pot. Five control plants received sterile water. Seven to ten days after inoculation, basal leaves of inoculated plants turned light yellow and two weeks after inoculation showed typical symptoms of Verticillium wilt, including leaf chlorosis, wilting and defoliation. The control plants remained asymptomatic. The symptoms were similar to those observed on naturally infected trees in the field. V. dahliae was successfully isolated from symptomatic plants and exhibited morphological characteristics identical to the inoculated strains. Verticillium wilt of SBT has been reported in several areas of the world, including Canada, Belarus, India, Latvia, Romania and Russia, resulting in severe mortality (Drevinska et al. 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Verticillium wilt of SBT stem wilt caused by V. dahliae in China. The disease appears to be a serious risk for future SBT production in China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".