The effects of pulse exposures to road salt at various stages of early development in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmonids spawn in freshwater streams including those in urban areas that are impacted by human activities. In the Vancouver region of British Columbia, Canada, the extensive use of road salt (primarily NaCl) is associated with frequent 24-h “pulses” of salt in streams, some of which may exceed the provincial acute guideline for maximum chloride concentrations (600 mg L −1 Cl − ) by up to 11-fold. For some salmonids, road salting coincides with critical developmental stages, as many species spawn between October and January. We explored the concentration-dependent effects of a 24-h salt pulse (600–9600 mg L −1 Cl − ) on salmonid development using rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Salt pulses were imposed at one of three developmental time points: <1 h post-fertilization, the eyed-stage or 7 days post-hatch. Significant mortality occurred only in the <1 h post-fertilization treatment, at 2400, 4800 and 9600 mg L −1 Cl − , all environmentally relevant salt concentrations. Significant differences in whole-embryo ion concentrations at the end of the salt exposure and at the eyed-stage (17 days post-salt exposure) indicated lasting ionoregulatory effects on embryos. Co-exposure to CaCO 3 during the salt pulse, at a level that increased dissolved Ca 2+ by 2-to 3-fold in the ion poor Vancouver water, greatly reduced mortality and altered whole-embryo ion levels. These findings support the need for site-specific water quality guidelines, as toxicity varies with water's ionic composition. This research also highlights the need for improved road salting practices to reduce salt contamination and its potential adverse effects on developing salmonids. • Road salting creates salt “pulses” in freshwater streams where Pacific salmon spawn. • The lethal effects of a salt pulse varied depending on the developmental stage. • Ecologically relevant salt concentrations caused embryo mortality. • Sublethal disruption to ion regulation persisted following an acute salt exposure. • CaCO 3 mitigated mortality amid a salt exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".