Porphyrin-based nanotechnology: a minimally invasive approach for drug delivery and cholesteatoma treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The treatment of inner and middle ear diseases remains a significant challenge, often requiring surgical intervention as the only option. In this study, we investigated porphysomes, self-assembled porphyrin-based nanoparticles, as a minimally invasive drug delivery platform for inner ear applications and as photothermal agents for cholesteatoma ablation. Three porphysome formulations were evaluated: parent porphysomes (PS), porphyrin-stabilized nanoemulsions (nPS), and EDTA-lipid incorporated porphysomes (ePS). Rats received intratympanic injections of each formulation, and fluorescence imaging performed 1 h postinjection demonstrated concentration-dependent inner ear penetration for all formulations. Notably, no signs of ototoxicity were observed based on histological and functional assessments of hearing and balance. Among ePS-treated rats, the 250 and 1,000 μM groups showed significantly higher inner ear fluorescence compared with the 50 μM group. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) tests were performed at baseline and 2 and 6 weeks postinjection. No significant threshold shifts were detected in PS and ePS groups compared with controls. In contrast, nPS-treated rats exhibited a significant ABR threshold elevation at 6 weeks (p < 0.02). At 6 weeks, minor yet statistically significant DPOAE threshold differences were observed at 16 kHz (PS group) and 32 kHz (all porphysome groups); however, all shifts remained below 0 dB, indicating no functional hearing loss. Vestibular assessments, including swim and beam tests, revealed no significant impairments. Upon laser activation, all porphysome formulations induced substantial temperature elevation (ΔT = 31 ± 3.76°C, p < 0.05) and histological burn effects in cholesteatoma tissues. These findings support the potential of porphysomes as a safe, minimally invasive drug delivery system and photothermal agent for the treatment of inner and middle ear disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".