Wideband capacitively coupled silicon modulator with barium titanate cladding
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Standard silicon modulators rely on the interaction between an optical signal and an electrical signal exploiting the plasma dispersion effect. Optical modes in such modulators are confined exploiting high refractive index contrast rib waveguides and, the electrical signals are usually coupled to the optical waveguide through doped silicon ohmic regions. Thus, these modulators are fundamentally bandwidth-limited due to resistor–capacitor time constant. In this paper, we showed a method to overcome this limitation by capacitive coupling of the electrical signal to the waveguide region replacing the ohmic contacts. Our modulator combines a silicon strip waveguide with lateral a PN diode with a high-dielectric constant (high-k) material, barium titanate cladding. We demonstrated a Mach-Zehnder interferometer based silicon modulator with series push-pull configuration. For a 2 mm long device we generate sidebands up to 67 GHz and observe a flat frequency response. Moreover, the modulator achieves a phase shift of 0.014 radians for a C-band optical wave when subjected to a 15 GHz radio-frequency modulation signal with an amplitude of 2.44 V.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it