Glufosinate-P Herbicide Disrupts Gut Microbiota and Metabolism, Driving <i>Osmia excavata</i> Population Decline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solitary bees face overlooked herbicide risks. Osmia excavata, a key early spring solitary bee, is especially vulnerable during soil-contact nesting, which coincides with peak herbicide use. We evaluated sublethal effects of glufosinate-P on O. excavata . After 15-day exposure, 5–50 mg/L glufosinate-P significantly reduced survival (by 25.00–57.50%) and food intake (by 24.95–49.95%; P < 0.05). High-dose (50 mg/L) exposure disrupted gut microbiota, increasing pathogenic Serratia marcescens and depleting beneficial microbes. Metabolomics showed systemic dysfunction, with a 32.18% reduction in glutamate disrupting amino acid metabolism, biosynthesis and nutrient transport, closely associated with microbiota shifts. The dual stressors of pathogen enrichment and metabolic paralysis compromised individual fitness and colony resilience, establishing a mechanistic pathway for population decline. Glutamate depletion emerged as a key biomarker connecting glufosinate-P exposure to systemic metabolic disturbance in nontarget pollinators. These findings underscore the need to reassess herbicide practices and integrate solitary bees into pesticide risk assessments to protect pollination.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".