Influence of Sulfur Dioxide on Stratospheric Polar Cloud Formation and Ozone Destruction in the Winter–Spring Stratosphere of the Arctic Based on Aura MLS Observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Sulfur dioxide (SO2) plays a key role in the winter–spring stratosphere of the Arctic because the sulfur compounds SO2 and H2SO4 (together with nitric acid HNO3) are the primary construction materials in the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). This paper studies the maximal SO2 concentrations and total SO2 columns at four Arctic sites: Eureka (Canada), Ny-Ålesund (Norway), Thule (Greenland), and Resolute (Canada) based on the data on the minimal air temperature, maximal negative deviations of ozone concentration from the multiyear average, maximal sulfur dioxide concentration in the Arctic stratosphere, and the total ozone and sulfur dioxide columns calculated from the corresponding altitude profiles. The temperature and ozone mixing ratio profiles are obtained from the Aura MLS observations for 2005–2022; the sulfur dioxide mixing ratio profiles are calculated from Aura MLS observations for 2010/11, 2019/20, 2020/21, and 2021/22. The results can be useful for studying of how SO2 affects the PSC formation and O3 destruction in the winter–spring stratosphere of the Arctic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".