Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Post‐ <i>Microsporidium</i> Infection in a Combined Liver–Kidney Transplanted Patient: A Case Report
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microsporidia are emerging opportunistic pathogens in immunosuppressed individuals, including solid organ transplant recipients. We present a case of tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) caused by Microsporidia infection in a 55-year-old male who underwent combined liver-kidney transplantation (CLKT) for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and end-stage kidney disease. The patient developed diarrhoea, abdominal bloating and acute kidney injury (AKI) 1 month post-transplant. A kidney biopsy revealed granulomatous TIN with 50% interstitial fibrosis and 60% tubular atrophy. Stool examination confirmed Microsporidia infection. Treatment with albendazole over 6months led to gradual renal function recovery. This case highlights the risk of Microsporidia infections in CLKT recipients, presenting as a rare but serious cause of graft dysfunction and AKI. Early diagnosis and treatment, including reduction in immunosuppression and antiparasitic therapy, are essential for improving outcomes in these patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Microsporidia infection in a CLKT recipient globally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".