Bibliographic record
Abstract
The idea of figurative discourse plays a salient role in Ockham’s nominalism. He frequently reinterprets certain authoritative statements as mere figurative ways of speaking and this allows him to neutralize the apparent ontological commitments of these authoritative statements when they conflict with the parsimonious ontology that he favors. Section 13.1 of this chapter shows how the method works in practice by providing examples of such figurative interpretations. Sections 13.2 and 13.3 review the theoretical elements that are proposed in the Summa Logicae with respect to figurative speech. It discusses in particular Ockham’s approach to metaphor and his unexpected insistence on hypallage. Section 13.4, finally, examines Ockham’s distinction between the sense a sentence has in virtue of the language and the sense in which it is intended by the speaker. Ockham’s implicit conditions for figurative meaning as opposed to literal meaning are thus brought out.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".