Exploratory Analysis of Respiratory Variability in Relation to Disease Impact, Affective Symptoms, and Pain Sensitivity in Fibromyalgia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: Fibromyalgia is a complex multisystem disorder characterized by generalized chronic pain. While its etiology remains largely unclear, neuroinflammation, chronic stress, and autonomic dysregulation may play significant roles. Resultantly, respiratory patterns could serve as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in fibromyalgia. We hypothesized that fibromyalgia impact, anxiety, depression, pain intensity, and pain sensitivity are associated with reduced respiratory variability. Patients and methods: In this observational study, twenty-three female participants with fibromyalgia completed the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Chronic pain intensity was assessed using a numerical rating scale. Pain sensitivity was measured using pain pressure thresholds, wind-up pain, and aftersensations. Respiratory rate, respiratory rate variability, and tidal volume variability were measured noninvasively using a thoracic bioimpedance electrode during restful waiting. Results: No association was observed of respiratory variability with fibromyalgia impact, anxiety, chronic pain intensity, wind-up pain, and aftersensations. Higher depression scores were associated with lower tidal volume variability (r = -0.45, 95% CI: -0.04 to -0.73, p = 0.033). Additionally, higher pain pressure thresholds correlated with lower respiratory rate variability (R = -0.43, 95% CI: -0.02 to -0.72, p = 0.039) and tidal volume variability (R = -0.47, 95% CI: -0.07 to -0.74, p = 0.023). Conclusion: While no direct association was found between respiratory variability and overall fibromyalgia impact, respiratory variability was associated with depression and pain sensitivity, both of which influence quality of life. These findings suggest that respiratory variability may have potential as a biomarker reflecting specific symptom dimensions of fibromyalgia. Further research is warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.073 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".