Absence of Skewness in the Voltage Fluctuations of a Tunnel Junction in the Quantum Regime
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Current fluctuations in a tunnel junction have a remarkable property: On the one hand, their variance corresponds to vacuum fluctuations at low voltage bias V, when the electron energy [Formula: see text] is smaller than the photon detection energy [Formula: see text]. On the other hand, their skewness, i.e., their third moment, is frequency independent, equal to [Formula: see text] as if electron transport were simply Poissonian. We address the following question: Could it be that at low voltage, the vacuum fluctuations generated by the junction have a finite skewness, i.e., that the junction generates skewed vacuum? To answer this question we calculate the effect of an arbitrary electromagnetic environment at zero temperature and show that the bispectrum of third moment of voltage fluctuations of any quantum conductor is always zero at frequencies larger than the voltage. We also show experimental data on tunnel junctions in the quantum regime that agree with our calculation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".