Neurotoxic Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) on Mouse Cortical Neurons: A Quantitative Imaging Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are environmental pollutants that are suspected to be neurodevelopmental toxicants, produced and found in products including: nonstick cookware, firefighting foams, and water-repellent clothing[1-3], however evidence of PFAS exposure increasing neurotoxicity is inconsistent.We aim to investigate the neurotoxic effects of PFAS, particularly in Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), on neuronal development and function.Understanding the extent to which (PFAS) impacts human health, specifically neurotoxicity, is important for finding ideal public health policies.In this study, cortical neurons of mice were incubated for 7 days in-vitro.2.5M Ethidium Homodimer III was used to label dead cells.Images were taken on Zeiss Axiovert 200M prior to treatment and 44 hours post treatment with and without 100M of PFOA.Prior to the last imaging, cells were incubated with Nucblue to label live and dead cells in order to calculate the percent cell death.Images were analyzed using ImageJ/FIJI.The percent cell death was calculated by subtracting the pre-treatment dead cells from 44 hr total of dead cells and then dividing by all the nuclei stained in Nucblue.For time lapse imaging, cells were incubated in 100M PFOA and imaged every 30 minutes for 8.5hrs using an Axiovert 200M microscope.Results demonstrated that time lapse imaging of control and PFOA treated cells did not show a significant difference within an eight-hour viewing window.Therefore, cells were exposed for a longer time range.Forty-four-hour exposure to PFOA caused a greater percent of cell death compared to controls treated the same way.The mean percent cell death for nine fields of views on a control dish was 33% with a standard error mean(SEM) of 0.06.For cells treated with 100 M PFOA, the percent cell death was 48% with a SEM of 0.03.The findings demonstrated the neurotoxicity of PFOA chemicals, emphasizing the need for additional research, regulation, or public health approaches to reduce exposure, particularly among vulnerable populations, such as children or infants, whose developing nervous systems may be more susceptible to the effects of PFAS.Future studies will evaluate the ability of cells to withstand stress in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and PFOA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".