First report of Sclerotinia stem rot on quinoa ( <i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> ) caused by <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new disease, Sclerotinia stem rot, was observed in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) fields in Northwest Saskatchewan, Canada, during the 2022 agricultural season. The disease incidence was low, ranging from 0.03% to 0.1%, with symptomatic plants exhibiting leaf discoloration, bleached stems, and black sclerotia. The pathogen was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary based on its cultural characteristics, and this identification was confirmed through rDNA-ITS sequencing. Additional molecular characterization was performed using TU1/TU2/TU3 and SscadF1/SscadR1 primers targeting the β-tubulin and calmodulin genes, respectively. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated that quinoa cultivars Kailey, NQ20W, NQBlack, and NQRed inoculated with S. sclerotiorum isolate IMSS218 were highly susceptible. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was consistently re-isolated from symptomatic tissues, fulfilling Koch’s postulates and confirming it as the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot in quinoa. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotinia stem rot in quinoa in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".