Polysialic acid is a versatile marker for retinal Müller glia in common vertebrate model organisms and systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Müller glia are retinal support cells that play crucial roles in tissue structure, waste management, and repair. A challenge for the field has been to find Müller glia markers that detect non-reactive cells or work well in non-mammalian models. We introduce two novel markers for identifying reactive and non-reactive Müller glia in vertebrate retinas: a modified enzyme lectin (GFP-EndoN DM ) and a monoclonal antibody (mAb735). These markers recognize polysialic acid (polySia), which is a highly conserved glycosylation modification in humans and vertebrates. In the retina, polySia is present on Müller glia predominantly in the form of polySia-NCAM. We used GFP-EndoN DM and mAb735 to investigate polySia distribution in Müller glia of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, rodents, retinal organoids, and humans. In adult retinas of most species, polySia was localized to the Müller glia and spanned outer to inner retina, with inner plexiform layer (IPL) sublaminae ramifications. Gliosis was also detectable in degenerating murine retinas. Notable species differences were that only outer retinal regions of Müller glia were labelled in adult zebrafish, whereas the outer Müller glia body up to the first IPL sublamina was labelled in adult turquoise killifish. There was no significant retinal polySia labeling in larval zebrafish, but it was present in the brain. Larval turquoise killifish have polySia throughout the retina, similar to other adult vertebrates. Labelling polySia expands the scientific toolbox for Müller glia markers, and offers a versatile way to visualize and monitor structural changes in non-reactive and reactive Müller glia across most vertebrate species. Highlights PolySia is a highly conserved Müller glia marker in vertebrate retina and retinal organoids Labeling Müller glia with markers of polySia, facilitates the analysis of fine Müller glia processes in the IPL sublaminae, whole Müller glia morphology, and degenerative gliosis PolySia can be labeled with an engineered lectin conjugate (GFP-EndoN DM ) and a commercially-available monoclonal antibody
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".