Early Muslim summer camps in Canada: Spaces of identity formation and belonging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents the first academic study of Muslim summer camps in Canada, examining both their history and purpose. Based primarily on archival research, it situates these Muslim camps against the broader backdrop of (non-Muslim) Canadian summer camps before showing several of their unique aspects. It argues that Muslim summer camps were distinct in the sense that, from their beginning, they played both a religious and a civic role. While helping to form Muslim religious identity through various Islamic activities (e.g. memorization of chapters from the Quran, Islamic arts and crafts), these camps also engaged in traditional pursuits such as canoeing and camp songs to build a sense of civic (i.e. Canadian) identity. The emphasis, then, was on how to engage in “Islamic living” while also being a member of a larger non-Muslim society. In so doing, these camps creatively—and perhaps somewhat paradoxically—used traditional Canadian institutions to build Muslim identity, all the while seeking to form a Muslim identity within a Canadian context. Following this, the article turns to the historical development of these camps over the past 50 years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".