Petaloid-shaped hierarchical porous carbon sub-microspheres derived from lignin for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, alkali lignin (AL), a byproduct of the sulfate pulping process, is utilized as a precursor to synthesize hierarchical porous carbon sub-microspheres (HALCS) with high specific surface area through high shear homogenization and chemically activated carbonization. The implementation of high-speed mechanical shear effectively reduces the particle size of lignin, leading to the formation of sub-microparticles. HALCS with distinct grooves and petal-like structures are obtained through a chemical activation-assisted high-temperature carbonization process. HALCS exhibits a hierarchical pore structure comprising macropores, mesopores, and micropores, with a specific surface area reaching 898.8 m 2 /g and a pore volume of 0.634 cm 3 /g, significantly surpassing alkali lignin-derived carbon (ALC) produced under similar carbonization conditions. In the 1 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte environment, HALCS exhibits a specific capacitance of 433 F/g at a current density of 0.8 A/g. Moreover, a symmetric supercapacitor based on HALCS achieves maximum energy density and corresponding power density values of 17.2 Wh/kg and 100 W/kg, respectively, while maintaining excellent cycling stability undergoing 5000 charge-discharge cycles. Consequently, this straightforward and environmentally friendly synthesis strategy for alkali lignin-derived hierarchical porous carbon sub-microspheres opens up new avenues for the utilization of carbon materials derived from biomass in high-performance energy storage devices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".