Moral Injury and the Implicit or Explicit Language of Sexual Violence during Warfare in Fifteenth-Century Flemish Chronicles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In late medieval Flemish chronicles, sexual violence is frequently depicted as a consequence of war. Chroniclers distinguished between rape as a crime of passion and rape by armed coercion, reflecting broader societal perceptions of sexual violence. These accounts often served to demonize enemies, portraying them as morally corrupt, but they also reveal anxieties about leadership failures and moral transgressions within one’s own ranks that led to plundering, harassment, and ravishment. Both Burgundian and urban chroniclers engaged with this discourse: some highlighted ducal anti-rape policies to reinforce Burgundian legitimacy, while others exposed the contradictions between official prohibitions and the realities of war. Additionally, the portrayal of sexual violence intersects with the concept of moral injury, as chroniclers—both explicitly and implicitly—documented the violation of deeply held ideals about just warfare. As such, chroniclers constructed selective memories of sexual violence during warfare and revolts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.046 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".