Two warm Earth-sized exoplanets and an Earth-sized candidate in the M5V-M6V binary system TOI-2267
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the discovery of two warm exoplanets orbiting the cool binary system TOI-2267, composed of the M5 (TOI-2267A) and M6 (TOI-2267B) stars, whose angular separation is 0.384 arcsec, corresponding to a projected distance of only about 8 au at 22 pc from the Solar System. To confirm the planetary nature of these objects, we combined photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite ( TESS ) and ground-based facilities together with high-resolution images, archival data, and statistical validation in our analyses. From the current data set, we cannot unambiguously determine which star of the binary the planets orbit. These planets are Earth-sized with radii of 1.00±0.11 and 1.14±0.13 R ⊕ for TOI-2267 b (P = 2.28 d) and TOI-2267 c (P = 3.49 d), respectively, when orbiting TOI-2267A, whereas the radii are of 1.22±0.29 and 1.36±0.33 R ⊕ when orbiting TOI-2267B. In addition to the signals attributed to TOI-2267 b and c, the TESS data reveal a third strong signal with a periodicity of 2.03 d (TOI-2267.02). Although statistical analyses support its planetary nature, ground-based follow-up observations did not detect this signal. Its status therefore remains that of a planetary candidate, with an Earth-size of 0.95±0.12 R ⊕ or 1.13±0.30 R ⊕ when orbiting TOI-2267A or B, respectively. If this candidate is confirmed, dynamical analyses indicate that all three planets cannot orbit the same star. The most plausible configurations are b–c or .02–c orbiting the same star, while the .02–b case is unlikely due to strong instabilities. The proximity of b and c to a first-order 3:2 mean motion resonance suggests they likely orbit the same star, with .02 orbiting the other component. This scenario would make TOI-2267 the most compact binary system known to host planets, with both components harbouring transiting worlds, and offer a unique benchmark for studying planet formation and evolution in compact binary environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".