Breaking the ice: exploring sex-based variations in the mechanics of ice hockey slap shots
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare joint angles and spatiotemporal variables between male and female ice hockey players during skating slap shots. Thirty-nine collegiate players (25 men, 14 women) participated. Kinematic data were collected using a Xsens 17-inertial measurement system. Key variables included joint angles for the trunk, upper, and lower extremities, as well as temporal measures for shot execution time, and the backswing, downswing, and follow-through phases. Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was applied to analyse sex-based differences in joint kinematics. Temporal data were compared using two-way ANOVAs. Results indicated that males exhibited longer backswing and downswing phases, contributing to longer overall shot execution times. Males also demonstrated greater trunk flexion and lead shoulder flexion, while females showed more lead shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, and trail wrist extension during the backswing and downswing phases. These findings highlight the influence of anatomical and strength differences on slap shot mechanics. Considering sex-specific biomechanical differences in the development of training regimens and equipment design may enhance performance and development in ice hockey for all.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".