Review Article: The Foundation-Patuxent-Academy ice stream system, Antarctica
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. The Foundation-Patuxent-Academy system (FPAS) is a major Antarctic ice stream system with a global sea level potential of ~3 m. Draining both East and West Antarctica, the FPAS has been understudied compared with other major Antarctic ice streams. We provide a holistic catchment-scale overview of the FPAS reviewing its glaciological and hydrological systems, its glacial history, and its modelled response to past and future climate change. FPAS may be vulnerable to future change because of: (i) a deep (~2.4 km below sea level) low-gradient retrograde bed that encourages grounding-zone retreat; (ii) a low-gradient ice surface and high tidal range, which are likely to promote flotation of grounded ice and seawater intrusion; (iii) an active and dynamic subglacial hydrological system; (iv) complex ice-meltwater-ocean interactions at the grounding zone; (v) potential for substantive expansion of the across-flow length – and cross sectional area – of the grounding zone; and (vi) susceptibility to ice flow-switching and water piracy. Despite such potential vulnerabilities, existing numerical model simulations of FPAS grounding-zone retreat produce a wide and divergent range of past and future scenarios. Uncertainties in the future response of the FPAS to a warming climate result from poor constraints on its topography and hydrology, processes of ice-ocean interaction, interlinkages with the surrounding ice sheet and ice shelf, and a shortage of FPAS-specific modelling experiments. This review outlines and evaluates these critical gaps in our knowledge of the FPAS and develops a strategy to address them. This strategy would provide: (i) the first robust and comprehensive evaluation of the FPAS’s vulnerability to current and near-future climate forcing; and (ii) improved constraints on projections of the future contribution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to sea-level rise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".