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Record W4414072427 · doi:10.70838/pemj.460505

Special Education Program: Teacher Practices, Strategies, Beliefs and Attitudes of West I and West II Districts

2025· article· en· W4414072427 on OpenAlex
Janice Sarroza, Vilma Arazo

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenuePsychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicTeacher Education and Leadership Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsQuarter (Canadian coin)Focus groupInclusion (mineral)Special educationQualitative researchClass (philosophy)Primary educationQualitative property

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This study examined the implementation of the Special Education Program (SPED) in public elementary schools within the West I and West II Districts, focusing on teachers' practices, strategies, beliefs, and attitudes. Conducted at Sgt. Miguel Canoy Memorial Central School, NAPOCOR Elementary School, and Suarez Elementary School, the research utilized a phenomenological approach to gain deeper insights into teachers' real-life experiences in inclusive classrooms. During the fourth quarter of 2025, qualitative data were gathered through interviews and focus group discussions, offering a comprehensive view of the challenges and strengths associated with SPED implementation. Findings revealed that while teachers commonly used strategies like differentiated instruction, peer learning, and individualized support, they also faced barriers such as limited training, a lack of resources, and large class sizes. Despite these hurdles, many educators showed strong dedication and positive attitudes toward inclusive education. The study emphasizes the importance of ongoing training, enhanced support systems, and more effective implementation of policies to enhance SPED services. It offers practical insights for teachers, school leaders, and policymakers committed to creating more inclusive learning environments.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.281
Threshold uncertainty score0.970

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.094
GPT teacher head0.484
Teacher spread0.391 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it