Refugee Displacement and Migration Impact Cross-Linguistic Transfer Between Arabic and English: Insights from Syrian Refugees
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The role of migration experiences on first language (L1) and second language (L2) literacy and cross‐linguistic transfer in refugee foreign language learners has recently received attention, but remains empirically underspecified. We investigated (1) migration‐related ecological predictors of L1 reading; (2) within‐ and across‐language predictors of reading; and (3) migration‐related ecological moderators of cross‐linguistic transfer from L1 phonological awareness (PA) to L2 reading. Our sample included 81 Syrian refugees between 9 and 18 years old who resettled in Canada. Displacement in an Arabic‐speaking country, shorter displacement durations, and older ages of L2 acquisition (L2 AoA) were associated with better L1 reading. Cross‐linguistic transfer of PA to reading was overall greater in the L2‐L1 direction, and migration experiences associated with better L1 reading were also associated with greater transfer in the L1‐L2 direction. These findings highlight the need to understand refugees' biliteracy in the context of their migration experiences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".