Reduced Systemic Levels of Bile Acids in Individuals with Coronary Artery Disease: Insights from a Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play a key role in cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. Although altered circulating BA profiles have been reported in cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, their relationship with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of human studies searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, assessing circulating BA concentrations in adults with angiographically confirmed CAD compared to non-CAD (NCAD) controls. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. From 2782 records, four observational studies met the inclusion criteria. All reported lower circulating BA concentrations in individuals with CAD compared to NCAD controls, with differences ranging from -5.4% to -52.8%. Two studies found a significant inverse association between BA levels and CAD. One study reported lower BA levels only in CAD in men, while another found the reduction more pronounced in individuals with T2D. However, all studies were observational, and most lacked adjustment for confounders such as sex and age. Current evidence suggests that lower circulating BA levels are linked to CAD and may be influenced by sex and T2D status. Further mechanistic and prospective studies are needed to clarify the relevance and directionality of this association.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".