Middle–Late Pleistocene transverse faulting in wedge-top units of the Northern Apennines (Italy): implications for orogen-parallel extension during coeval foreland-ward migration of the compression and extension fronts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine the post-orogenic setting of the Northern Apennines (Italy) along the diffuse boundary between the belt's frontal domain, characterized by active crustal shortening through folding and thrusting, and its hinterland, where crustal stretching and extension by normal faulting prevail. This hinterland–foreland transition zone hosts middle Eocene–Upper Miocene wedge-top basins (Epiligurian units) that form the uppermost structural level of the belt. We analysed the structural architecture of the Epiligurian units to clarify the deformation style of this transitional domain. Integrated lineament remote-sensing and structural fieldwork reveal a complex array of extensional features, including NE–SW faults that cut transversely across the belt's NW–SE axis. Synkinematic calcite mineralizations associated with these transverse extensional structures were dated by the U–Th method, yielding Middle–Late Pleistocene ages (280–65 ka). These data indicate that the studied wedge-top units record the onset of the belt's post-orogenic evolution though activation of extensional transverse structures. Combining our results with published data, we propose a model involving early orogen-parallel extension deforming the shallow part of the Northern Apennines since the Middle Pleistocene. This extensional phase occurred between the foreland-directed migration of the compressional front and the initiation of the present orogen-perpendicular extension emanating from the hinterland.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".