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Record W4414111058 · doi:10.30589/pgr.v9i3.1275

Artificial Intelligence in Governance: The State of Facial Recognition Technology in Canada

2025· article· en· W4414111058 on OpenAlexaffabout
Achyut Prasad Adhhikari

Bibliographic record

VenuePolicy & Governance Review · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicLegal and Policy Issues
Canadian institutionsMcGill University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsGovernment (linguistics)Corporate governanceBiometricsState (computer science)Quality (philosophy)Deep learningApplications of artificial intelligencePublic policy

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Innovation in public service delivery can help the rapid transformation of society into a post-COVID era. In addition to minimizing administrative hassles, efficiently using Artificial Intelligence (AI) can protect citizens from unwanted behaviors. AI broadly denotes the efficiency of computers in replicating human intelligence, such as identifying different patterns and making predictions and decisions. AI encompasses numerous techniques, and machine learning is one of the most widely used. Machine learning is a method of deploying large datasets to make predictions that improve over time with more data. By 2030, Canada aims to have one of the most robust national AI ecosystems in the world, founded upon scientific excellence, high-quality training, deep talent pools, public-private collaboration, and their strong value of advancing AI technologies to bring positive social, economic, and environmental benefits for people and the planet. This study intended to assess the overall situation of AI in governance and policy compliance. I found that the country relies on patchwork and faces numerous legal and practical issues owing to the absence of an umbrella policy and organization. This research also proposes ideas to enhance governance to improve biometric data protection, legal frameworks, and quality standards for collecting biometric data based on the FRT. This study is based on focus group discussions, policy papers of the government of Canada, and many other literature and research articles.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.861
Threshold uncertainty score0.663

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.002
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.002
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.035
GPT teacher head0.363
Teacher spread0.328 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designOther design
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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