Flash atomisation of saltwater through convergent-divergent nozzles: implications for marine cloud brightening
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The potential feasibility of Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) is currently limited by the efficiency and practicalities of technologies to generate the required flux of correctly sized aerosol particles. We studied the aerosols formed by the spray from superheated salt water through two convergent-divergent (de Laval) nozzles between 5 nm and 50 μm dry aerosol diameter. We found that they do not produce more particles useful for MCB (30-100 nm) than currently deployed effervescent nozzles. A significant portion of the mass flow through these nozzles was contained in particles larger than 2 μm. However, the production rate from these de Laval nozzles appeared unaffected by the reduction of throat diameter despite a fourfold reduction in water flow and thus power usage. • Size-resolved aerosol measurements spanning four orders of magnitude (5 nm–50 μm). • Modular nozzle design - enables rapid prototyping for superheated water flash evaporation applications. • Energy efficiency - smaller nozzle matched performance with 4 × lower flow and power requirements.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".