Global burden of disease among adolescents and young adults with drug use disorders, 1990–2021: based on GBD 2021
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to assess the distribution and trends in the prevalence of drug use disorders (DUDs) among adolescents and young adults (aged 15 to 39 years), disaggregated by gender, region, country, and socio-demographic index (SDI), over the period from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Utilizing data from GBD 2021, we estimated the incidence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized DALY rates, and age-standardized death rates (ASDR) for DUDs among adolescents and young adults across 204 countries and 21 regions from 1990 to 2021. Additionally, we assessed the trend of the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Results: Globally, the ASIR of new DUD cases among adolescents and young adults exhibited a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2021, with an EAPC of -0.46 (95% confidence interval: -0.52, -0.39). In 2021, the highest ASIR, age-standardized DALY rate, and ASDR were observed in high SDI areas, while the lowest rates were found in low SDI areas. The above two SDI regions demonstrated an increasing trend from 1990 to 2021. The ASIR, age-standardized DALY rates and ASDR for DUDs were consistently higher among males than females across low SDI, middle and low SDI, medium SDI, and middle and high SDI areas. The three countries with the highest ASIR were the United States (1096.05), Estonia (854.62), and New Zealand (815.92). The countries with the highest age-standardized DALY rate were the United States (3520.13), Canada (1665.49), and Estonia (1602.04). The countries with the highest ASDR were the United States (26.86), Canada (13.92), and Iceland (8.85). Conclusion: The disease burden of DUDs, measured by age-standardized DALY rates, varies across different SDI regions, with higher DALY rates observed in regions with high SDI. Additionally, gender plays a significant role in the distribution of this burden, with males experiencing a higher burden than females. Furthermore, there are distinct national and regional variations in the prevalence and trends of DUDs among adolescents and young adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".