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Tremor Suppression Using Internal Model Principle

2025· article· en· W4414140789 on OpenAlexaff
Ibrahim M. Allafi, Lyndon J. Brown

Bibliographic record

Venuenot available
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicNeurological disorders and treatments
Canadian institutionsWestern University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsControl theory (sociology)Internal modelController (irrigation)HarmonicTransfer functionFunction (biology)Simple (philosophy)Wearable computer

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Traditional treatments, such as medications and deep brain stimulation, are commonly used to manage tremors. However, these methods often involve risks and side effects, creating a need for non-invasive alternatives. According to control theory, the Internal Model Principle (IMP) can perfectly track or reject known periodic signals. Since tremors consist of three harmonic (sinusoidal) components, IMP is a suitable approach for cancelling them without affecting non-periodic components like voluntary motion. In this work, we propose a control method based on the IMP to suppress tremors while preserving voluntary motion. The method uses three IMP controllers and a proportional (KP) controller to target the harmonic components of the tremor. The controller parameters are calculated offline using the open-loop transfer function and the geometric average of each tremor bandwidth. Simulation results and experimental testing with real patient tremor data demonstrate that the proposed method effectively cancels tremor signals while preserving voluntary motion. Across 10 patient datasets, it achieved a median tremor suppression of 85.3 % and voluntary motion preservation of 85 %. The method has a low computational cost and a simple structure, making it suitable for future use in wearable systems such as tremor suppression gloves.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.002
Threshold uncertainty score0.007

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.045
GPT teacher head0.358
Teacher spread0.313 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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