Basal Metabolic Requirements, Biomarkers of Cardiometabolic Health, and Anthropometric Measures of Obesity in Women and Men With Restricted Growth Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Population‐specific thresholds have not been defined for the levels of adiposity and systemic biomarkers that predict chronic health risks in people with restricted growth conditions. Here, anthropometric measures of adiposity, basal metabolic requirements, and fasted blood samples were obtained from adults with restricted growth (age 41 ± 14 years, height 1.30 ± 0.10 m, body mass 60.5 ± 18.3 kg, female: male n = 24:13, achondroplasia n = 26; mean ± SD). Basal metabolic rate was 6529 ± 1703 kJ·d −1 and total mass‐normalized energy requirements were higher for females versus males. Plasma concentrations of glucose (5.55 ± 0.73 mmol·L −1 ), insulin (36.4 ± 19.9 pmol·L −1 ) and lipids (triacylglycerol 0.84 ± 0.37 mmol·L −1 ; total cholesterol 4.54 ± 0.85 mmol·L −1 ; high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol 1.41 ± 0.31 mmol·L −1 ; low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol 2.73 ± 0.69 mmol·L −1 ) were mostly within healthy clinical reference ranges. Sagittal abdominal diameter was positively correlated with plasma glucose and leptin concentrations ( r = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.95; p < 0.0001, and r = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.95; p < 0.0001, respectively). Mean ± SD body mass index (BMI) was 36.1 ± 11.0 kg·m −2 . However, we found that body mass scaled to height by the power of 1.4 (95% CI: 0.2, 2.6) rather than 2 associated with conventional BMI. Conventional biomarkers of cardiometabolic health are not substantially elevated in these individuals with restricted growth despite the classification of obesity using height‐dependent references (e.g., traditional BMI).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".